Note passenger fatality and injury counts from catastrophic turbulence cases on flights over India, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Japan, and the U.S..

Learn how bumpiness, altitude changes, and airspeed factors determine one of six intensities of turbulence. Seat belts facilitate primary prevention measures.

Learn how atmospheric pressures, jet streams, cold fronts, and thunderstorms earn ratings of light, moderate, severe, and extreme. Selected occurrences are detailed.

Investigate discoveries of reconnaissance flights designed to uncover the physics of forecasting turbulence manifested in large wind changes and jet stream flow.

Documentary of United Flight 826 turbulence injuries leads to interviews with aviation analysts indicating that aircraft type and weather fronts determine severity.

Accounts of a space science reporter of passenger fears of turbulence signs introduce a discussion differentiating clear air and convective turbulence.

U.S. map features shaded areas indicating extent and duration of sustained surface winds. Reference an IFR/Mountain Obscuration map for visibility warnings.